A battery of turrets will take out most stations. 3 default turrets hitting constantly is enough to overcome the normal energy recharge of a station (though the main station can't be killed this way, it can be reduced to throwing sparks) and there are plenty of ships more heavily armed than that. It might take a while, but most stations don't really have any defense against that sort of attack.
Any station armed with its own turrets is likely to destroy the attacker first, though.
That is not a bad idea. The more advanced and rich the system, the station should be more heavily armed too, lets stick turrets on stations. Poor systems don't have enough money to maintain good station and defense.