Hi tattoogunman, and welcome.
tattoogunman wrote:
First off, is there NO way to speed up navigation? I'm just starting off, so I have the newbie ship with limited fuel. I warp (or whatever) to a planet and then I have to spend like 3 hours flying towards it before I can do anything. I can't use the intermediary "jump" drive (or whatever it is) because there is always something popping up "mass locking" me from getting to the planet faster. I haven't even been able to find another station yet because of this and I'm sorry, I just don't have the patience to sit there staring at a screen forever watching stars go by before I get there. Quasi realistic? Maybe, but this is a game and it's ridiculous. So is there no way to speed this up???
Firstly, choose your destination wisely. Anarchies and Feudal systems are the most dangerous while corporate states and high Tech Level worlds are usually much safer. When you enter the system, angle up about 45 degrees and use the Torus drive ('j' on the keyboard I believe). After a couple of seconds level off and keep the planet at the bottom of your space compass. When you are much closer, angle back down towards the planet. This technique takes you out of the populated space-lanes, so you miss most of the other traffic and don't get mass-locked too much. This will speed you up a lot.
tattoogunman wrote:
How am I supposed to get started with missions (or whatever this game calls them) when I cannot even afford simple delivery contracts or I lack enough fuel or engine capacity to get to the delivery location?
There will be parcel contracts etc available which are suitable for you, but you may need to look for them, as they will vary from system to system. Many do require a certain level of competance, so start with the easy ones and build up a reputation. The game also has several built-in missions, and there are plenty available as OXZs, some of which are designed for newcomers, so check out the Expansions Manager.
tattoogunman wrote:
I'm constantly getting pounced on by pirates (or whatever) and I'm creamed before I can do anything. All of the stuff I've read said this ship is supposed to be fast enough to outrun everyone until I can get something better, but this doesn't seem to be the case.
Your Cobra III is a good fast ship, the more so as you equip it over time, and should be a match for most other ships you come across. Check out some of the forum threads on methods and techniques for both avoiding and succeeding in combat for advice.
tattoogunman wrote:
Even trying to redock in the first station usually results in a crash (tried it slow, rotating, etc.), I can't just auto lock on or something to redock??
A Docking Computer is available, but by the time most players can afford one they don't need it.

Fly to the buoy and stop next to it. Align with the station and approach at a medium speed. On final approach start to rotate to match the rotation of the station until you are safely inside. That's all there is to it.
tattoogunman wrote:
I'm going out on a limb here and am going to assume this just isn't the type of game for me, but maybe I'm just missing something minor. This appears to be one of these cult internet type games, so maybe I'm just missing something or the rest of you guys have infinitely more patience than I do

Well, patience is a virtue, so they say. Oolite is an open-ended game and many of us have been playing for 5, 10 years or more. If you are looking for instant gratification, then it may not be for you certainly, but if you enjoy a challenge, and are looking for a game that won't leave you bored after a couple of months, then this could be it.
There is a ton of advice around this forum, so poke around and you will probably find all the answers you need. If not, come back and ask. We pride ourselves on the helpful, friendly nature of our community.